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New Features in the Windows Server 2003 Family

In the Windows Server 2003 family of operating systems, Microsoft has improved the function of the Account Lockout feature on both servers and client computers.

Computers Running Windows Server 2003 That Act As Network Servers

To improve the experience for users and to decrease the overall total cost of ownership, Microsoft made the following changes to the behavior of domain controllers in the Windows Server 2003 family:

•	Password history check (N-2): Before a Windows Server 2003 operating system increments badPwdCount, it checks the invalid password against the password history. If the password is the same as one of the last two entries that are in the password history, badPwdCount is not incremented for both NTLM and the Kerberos protocol. This change to domain controllers should reduce the number of lockouts that occur because of user error.
•	Single user object on demand replication: See the "Urgent Replication" section in this document for more information.
•	Optimized replication frequency: The default frequency for replication between sites is to replicate every 15 minutes with a 3-second offset to stagger the replication interval. This optimization improves the replication of a password change in a site because it decreases the chances that the domain controller would have to contact the PDC operations master.

Computers Running Windows Server 2003 Family Acting As Network Clients

Microsoft has added the following features in the Windows Server 2003 family to gather the process ID that is using the credentials that fail authentication:

•

Auditing logon changes: There are entries for all logon and logoff events (528 and 540, as well as 529 through 539).

•

Auditing of processes encountering authentication failures: New information is added to the Security event log when authentication failures occur:

•	Caller User Name
•	Caller Domain
•	Caller Logon ID
•	Caller Process ID

Note:

To use the process ID, turn on success auditing for Audit process tracking events so that you can obtain the process identifier (PID) for the associated Event 592. If you do not do this, the PID is not useful after the process stops. To view audit process tracking, in the Group Policy Microsoft Management Console (MMC), in the console tree, double-click Computer Configuration, double-click Windows Settings, double-click Security Settings, double-click Local Policies, and then double-click Audit Policy.

Microsoft has added the following administrative enhancements to provide more account lockout information than the information that is available in the default configuration of the Windows Server 2003 family:

•	AcctInfo.dll: The AcctInfo.dll file is a property page extension for user objects in the Active Directory Users and Computers MMC that provides detailed information about user password attributes. An administrator can use the AcctInfo.dll file to reset user account passwords on a domain controller that is in the user's Active Directory site.
•	LockoutStatus.exe: The LockoutStatus.exe tool displays bad password count and time information from all of the domain controllers that are in a domain. You can run this tool as either a stand-alone tool or as an extension to the AcctInfo.dll file when you place it in the Systemroot\System32 folder on your computer.

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MCSE : Security Specialist

Format drive

Windows 9x

To format a hard disk drive with Windows 98 installed
In Windows Explorer, right-click the drive icon for that disk, and then click Format.

To format a hard disk drive using a Windows 98 Startup Disk

Make sure a Startup Disk is in drive a:. Then, at the command prompt, type the following: format c:

If you are formatting drive c:, copy system files to the hard disk by typing the following at the command prompt:

format c: /s

When the warning message appears, proceed with formatting by pressing Y. Then press ENTER.

When formatting is complete, type a volume label (if you want one), and then press ENTER.

Remove the floppy disks from all floppy disk drives, and restart the computer by pressing CTRL+ALT+DEL.

Windows 2000

The format command creates a new root directory and file system for the disk. It can also check for bad areas on the disk, and it can delete all data on the disk. For Windows 2000 to be able to use a new disk, you must first use this command to format the disk.

You must have Administrator rights to format a hard disk.
When you use the format command to format a hard disk, Windows 2000 displays a message of the following form before attempting to format the hard disk:

WARNING, ALL DATA ON non removable DISK
DRIVE x: WILL BE LOST!
Proceed with Format (Y/N)?_

format volume [/fs:file-system] [/v:label] [/q]

volume:
Specifies the mount point, volume name, or drive letter of the drive you want to format.

/fs:file-system
Specifies the file system to use, FAT, FAT32, or NTFS. Floppy disks can use only the FAT file system.

/v:label
Specifies the volume label.

/q
You can speed up the formatting process by using the /q switch. Use this switch only if there are no bad sectors on your hard disk.