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Deployment and Operational Management

Cluster administrators

Administrators can specify groups or individuals that are allowed to manage the cluster. Because NLB does not implement a cluster-wide administrative account, the cluster administrator must ensure that an appropriate administrative account with Administrator privileges has been enabled on all cluster hosts. This account is used by NLB management tools, such as NLB Manager and the NLB control program, wlbs.exe, to administer individual NLB hosts. To simplify this process and ensure uniform access on all hosts, it is preferable to use a single domain or global group account for this purpose.

Using the cluster administrative tools through a firewall

The NLB control program, wlbs.exe, should only be used on NLB hosts or, when remote control operations have been enabled, only on a trusted, internal computer within the firewall. By default, remote control operations are disabled, and they must only be enabled if the NLB cluster has been protected by a firewall that blocks UDP control ports 1717 and 2504. Otherwise, unauthorized remote control packets could be delivered to NLB hosts and thereby cluster operations.

The NLB Manager administrative tool can safely be used on trusted computers outside the firewall. This tool uses a secure method of communication to access NLB hosts. NLB Manager uses WMI interface to manage NLB hosts. Please refer to WMI/DCOM documentation to see what ports to unblock to allow WMI/DCOM access from outside the firewall. Nevertheless, make sure that this tool is only executed on a trusted, remote computer.

Using Kerberos Authentication in an NLB Cluster

NLB does not use its own cluster-wide authentication mechanism for cluster administration. Instead, NLB management tools use an appropriate administrative account, which must be enabled with administrative privileges on each NLB host. If a domain account is used for this purpose, it will use Kerberos authentication to control access to NLB hosts.

Using NLB to support VPN connections

NLB can be used to load balance virtual private network connections using the PPTP protocol in Windows 2000 and using both the PPTP or IPSec protocols in Windows Server 2003. When using IPSec, some client sessions may be disrupted when a new NLB host joins the cluster. This issue has been corrected in Windows XP SP1 and in Windows Server 2003.

Network Security

To coordinate their actions, all NLB hosts communicate with each other by periodically exchanging heartbeat messages on a common subnet, which is also used to receive incoming client requests. This subnet must be physically protected from intrusion. Otherwise, unauthorized heartbeat messages could be delivered to NLB hosts and disrupt cluster operations. Note that NLB heartbeat messages use a uniquely assigned Ethertype (0x886F) which is not normally routed across subnets. However, the cluster administrator must ensure that unauthorized computers and devices which could emit invalid NLB heartbeat packets are not placed directly on the NLB subnet. The effects of these disruptions are described below in the subsection "Rogue Servers".

Network Flooding

NLB cluster hosts may be affected by denial of service attacks, which flood the cluster with invalid network packets. These attacks can create additional CPU and network load on the cluster hosts and thereby delay the handling of valid client requests. In addition, they can cause NLB hosts to increase their memory usage up to parameterized limits. These limits are adjustable by setting registry variables on each NLB host, as described in the Windows 2000 Resource Kit. In extreme cases, a high volume of invalid network packets can disrupt extant client connections and require affected clients to reconnect to the cluster. Note that the Windows network protocol stack and server applications, such as Web servers, also may be affected by denial of service attacks.

Rogue Servers

Rogue NLB servers on an NLB subnet could emit heartbeat packets that disrupt cluster operations. Disruptions can include impeding NLBs convergence process such that cluster hosts cannot be added and recovery for a failed host cannot be completed. In addition, disruptions can block some or all of NLBs service to clients. NLB subnets must be physically protected from intrusion by unauthorized computers and devices.

Best practices

To summarize, best practices for NLB cluster administrators:
Cluster administrators should establish a common administrative account on all NLB hosts that have Administrator privileges. To simplify cluster management, it is preferable that a single domain or global group account be used for this purpose.
The NLB subnet must be physically protected from intrusion by unauthorized computers and devices to avoid interference from unauthorized heartbeat packets.
NLBs remote control mechanism is disabled by default. It should remain disabled unless the administrator can ensure that the NLB subnet has been physically protected from intrusion and that UDP control ports 1717 and 2504 have been firewalled to prevent unauthorized remote control.
If remote control has been enabled, remote control operations using the NLB control program wlbs.exe must only be performed from a trusted computer within the firewall.
NLB Manager provides a secure method for remote cluster management and should be used instead of wlbs.exe whenever possible. NLB Managers optional host list file should only be saved to a file that is accessible by user accounts (such as the NLB cluster administrators account) that have local Administrator privileges.

 

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Features of Active Directory

 

Active Directory directory service is the Windows 2003 directory service. Active Directory stores information about network objects and provides a hierarchical structure that makes it easier to organize domains and resources. This in turn makes it easier for users to locate network resources, such as files

and printers.

 

Active Directory has many useful features:

 

  • Active Directory organizes the directory into sections that permit storage of a very large number of objects. As a result, Active Directory can expand as an organization grows. This allows the network to grow from a network with a single server and a few hundred objects to a network with thousands of servers and millions of objects.

 

  • Active Directory provides a central repository for gathering and distributing information about objects on a network, including users, groups, and printers, and makes this information easy to find and use.

 

  • Security is integrated with Active Directory through logon authentication and access control to objects in the directory. With a single network logon, administrators can manage the directory data throughout their network, and authorized network users can access resources anywhere on the network.

 

Active Directory addresses the following organizational needs: reduced total cost of ownership, flexible administration, scalability, and simplified administration.

 

  • Reduced total cost of ownership

 

Total cost of ownership (TCO) refers to the actual cost of owning a computer. This includes the costs of maintenance, training, technical support, and upgrades to the hardware and software. Active Directory helps reduce TCO by implementing policies. Applying a policy within Active Directory allows you to configure desktop environments and install applications from a central location. This reduces the time it takes to configure settings and install applications on each computer.

 

  • Flexible administration

The organizational units into which a domain can be divided reside in Active Directory. The organizational units allow you to specify the users who will have administrative authority over portions of your network.

 

  • Scalability

Active Directory extends the features of previous Windows-based directory services and is designed to work well in organizations of any size.

 

  • Simplified administration

Active Directory provides customizable administrative tools that simplify administration and make it easier to administer resources throughout a network.

 

Windows 2003 features a mandatory logon process to validate the identity of every user accessing the system. During the logon process, Windows 2003 authenticates a user to verify the identity of the user. This process ensures that only valid users gain access to resources on a computer or the network. Logging on provides the user with access to everything on the network for which the user has been assigned the appropriate permissions.

 

To gain access to resources in a Windows 2003 network, a user needs a user account. A user account contains information about a user, including the user’s name and password. If the computer is a member of a domain, the user account enables a user to log on to either the local computer or to the domain, but not to both, and, with the appropriate permissions, to access network resources. If the computer is a member of a workgroup, a user account enables a user to log on to the local computer only, since the user account exists only in the security database on the local computer.

 

To log on to a Windows 2003 domain, a user provides a user principal name. A user principal name consists of the user’s logon name followed by the @character and a user principal name suffix. This suffix is usually the domain where the account exists, such as nwtraders.msft. An example of a user principal name is user@nwtraders.msft. The default user principal name suffix for a user account is the full domain name of the domain that contains the user account.

 

 


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