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Deployment and Operational Management

Cluster administrators

Administrators can specify groups or individuals that are allowed to manage the cluster. Because NLB does not implement a cluster-wide administrative account, the cluster administrator must ensure that an appropriate administrative account with Administrator privileges has been enabled on all cluster hosts. This account is used by NLB management tools, such as NLB Manager and the NLB control program, wlbs.exe, to administer individual NLB hosts. To simplify this process and ensure uniform access on all hosts, it is preferable to use a single domain or global group account for this purpose.

Using the cluster administrative tools through a firewall

The NLB control program, wlbs.exe, should only be used on NLB hosts or, when remote control operations have been enabled, only on a trusted, internal computer within the firewall. By default, remote control operations are disabled, and they must only be enabled if the NLB cluster has been protected by a firewall that blocks UDP control ports 1717 and 2504. Otherwise, unauthorized remote control packets could be delivered to NLB hosts and thereby cluster operations.

The NLB Manager administrative tool can safely be used on trusted computers outside the firewall. This tool uses a secure method of communication to access NLB hosts. NLB Manager uses WMI interface to manage NLB hosts. Please refer to WMI/DCOM documentation to see what ports to unblock to allow WMI/DCOM access from outside the firewall. Nevertheless, make sure that this tool is only executed on a trusted, remote computer.

Using Kerberos Authentication in an NLB Cluster

NLB does not use its own cluster-wide authentication mechanism for cluster administration. Instead, NLB management tools use an appropriate administrative account, which must be enabled with administrative privileges on each NLB host. If a domain account is used for this purpose, it will use Kerberos authentication to control access to NLB hosts.

Using NLB to support VPN connections

NLB can be used to load balance virtual private network connections using the PPTP protocol in Windows 2000 and using both the PPTP or IPSec protocols in Windows Server 2003. When using IPSec, some client sessions may be disrupted when a new NLB host joins the cluster. This issue has been corrected in Windows XP SP1 and in Windows Server 2003.

Network Security

To coordinate their actions, all NLB hosts communicate with each other by periodically exchanging heartbeat messages on a common subnet, which is also used to receive incoming client requests. This subnet must be physically protected from intrusion. Otherwise, unauthorized heartbeat messages could be delivered to NLB hosts and disrupt cluster operations. Note that NLB heartbeat messages use a uniquely assigned Ethertype (0x886F) which is not normally routed across subnets. However, the cluster administrator must ensure that unauthorized computers and devices which could emit invalid NLB heartbeat packets are not placed directly on the NLB subnet. The effects of these disruptions are described below in the subsection "Rogue Servers".

Network Flooding

NLB cluster hosts may be affected by denial of service attacks, which flood the cluster with invalid network packets. These attacks can create additional CPU and network load on the cluster hosts and thereby delay the handling of valid client requests. In addition, they can cause NLB hosts to increase their memory usage up to parameterized limits. These limits are adjustable by setting registry variables on each NLB host, as described in the Windows 2000 Resource Kit. In extreme cases, a high volume of invalid network packets can disrupt extant client connections and require affected clients to reconnect to the cluster. Note that the Windows network protocol stack and server applications, such as Web servers, also may be affected by denial of service attacks.

Rogue Servers

Rogue NLB servers on an NLB subnet could emit heartbeat packets that disrupt cluster operations. Disruptions can include impeding NLBs convergence process such that cluster hosts cannot be added and recovery for a failed host cannot be completed. In addition, disruptions can block some or all of NLBs service to clients. NLB subnets must be physically protected from intrusion by unauthorized computers and devices.

Best practices

To summarize, best practices for NLB cluster administrators:
Cluster administrators should establish a common administrative account on all NLB hosts that have Administrator privileges. To simplify cluster management, it is preferable that a single domain or global group account be used for this purpose.
The NLB subnet must be physically protected from intrusion by unauthorized computers and devices to avoid interference from unauthorized heartbeat packets.
NLBs remote control mechanism is disabled by default. It should remain disabled unless the administrator can ensure that the NLB subnet has been physically protected from intrusion and that UDP control ports 1717 and 2504 have been firewalled to prevent unauthorized remote control.
If remote control has been enabled, remote control operations using the NLB control program wlbs.exe must only be performed from a trusted computer within the firewall.
NLB Manager provides a secure method for remote cluster management and should be used instead of wlbs.exe whenever possible. NLB Managers optional host list file should only be saved to a file that is accessible by user accounts (such as the NLB cluster administrators account) that have local Administrator privileges.

 

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Shared Folders

 

Using Shared Folders, you can view the connections and resource use for local and remote computers. With Shared Folders, you can perform the following tasks:

 

Ø       Create, view, and set permissions for shares. A share is a shared folder on a computer that allows users on the network to access the information stored in the folder. The computer that needs to access the information on the share must have appropriate permissions to do so.

Ø       View a list of all users who are connected to a computer network and disconnect one or all of them.

Ø       View a list of files opened by remote users and close one or all of the open files.

 

To access Shared Folders

  • From Control Panel, open Administrative Tools, Computer Management, System Tools, and then Shared Folders.

 

Shared Folders provides information, arranged in columns, about all the shares, sessions, and open files on the local computer.

Ø       The Shares subfolder provides information about the shared resources available on the computer.

Ø       The Sessions subfolder provides information about all network users connected to the computer.

Ø       The Open Files subfolder provides information about all the open files on the compute

 

Disk Management

 

Disk Management is a system utility for managing hard disks and the volumes, or partitions, they contain. With Disk Management, you can create volumes, format volumes with file systems, initialize disks, and create fault-tolerant disk systems.

 

When you right-click an object, the shortcut menu shows you which tasks you can perform on that object. Also, Disk Management has wizards, such as the Create Partition wizard, that guide you through the steps for creating volumes and initializing or upgrading disks.

 

To access Disk Management

  • From Control Panel, open Administrative Tools, Computer Management, Storage, and then Disk Management.

 

 

Disk Defragmenter

Over a period of time, the files on the hard disk become fragmented. When fragmentation happens, pieces of a single file become located on different spots of the hard drive, much like a shredded document. Before the system can read the file, it must reassemble it, making the process much longer than when the file is intact. Disk Defragmenter reorganizes the files on your hard drive so that they are all contiguous pieces. As a result, the system can gain access to files and folders more rapidly and save new ones more efficiently.

 

To access Disk Defragmenter

  • From Control Panel, open Administrative Tools, Computer Management, Storage, and then Disk Defragmenter.

 

 

Disk Cleanup

After a period of time, the hard disk may contain unnecessary files, which use up all the space on the hard disk. To free space occupied by unwanted files on the hard disk, you use the Disk Cleanup utility. Disk Cleanup searches your hard disk and then displays a list of temporary files, Internet cache files, and optional Windows components and applications that you do not use often that can be safely removed or deleted. You can direct Disk Cleanup to delete some or all of these files.

 

To access Disk Cleanup

  • From Start, point to Programs, Accessories, and System Tools, and then click Disk Cleanup.

 

 

 


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